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WebApplied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 9066: IVYA-ZRP: An Enhanced Zone Routing Protocol with Zone Radius Optimization for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
2+ day, 20+ min ago (394+ words) With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, mobile devices, and distributed systems, the scale and dynamics of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are increasing, which results in increasingly stringent requirements for routing protocols. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), as…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8765: End-to-End Energy Efficiency Evaluation of 5G Networks in Dense Urban and Rural Scenarios Using Empirical Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulation
1+ week, 3+ day ago (508+ words) This paper provides a comprehensive end-to-end evaluation of the energy efficiency of three key fifth-generation mobile (5G) Radio Access Network (RAN) architectures: Distributed RAN (D-RAN), Centralized RAN (C-RAN), and Cloud C-RAN. Two complementary energy efficiency metrics are employed: the data energy…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8614: Towards Efficient Communication in Digital Twin Networks: Experimental Analysis of Transport Protocols Under Long Delays
2+ week, 2+ day ago (438+ words) Ensuring reliable and efficient communication under high-delay conditions remains a major challenge for Network Digital Twin (NDT) systems operating across heterogeneous networks. This paper experimentally evaluates the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), QUIC, Stream Control Transmission Protocol…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8609: Enhancing Communication Security in Automotive Software: A Hybrid SecOC and MACsec Integration for SOME/IP over Ethernet
2+ week, 2+ day ago (757+ words) Automotive Ethernet networks increasingly rely on SOME/IP within the AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform for service-oriented ECU communication, yet SOME/IP lacks built-in security, exposing systems to Man-in-the-Middle (MitM), replay, spoofing, and eavesdropping attacks. As of AUTOSAR Release R22-11, no standardised security…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8498: Information Hiding in QR Code Images via Module Content Modification Based on Corner-Pixel Grayscale Adjustment
2+ week, 4+ day ago (434+ words) QR codes are widely used in digital authentication, mobile payment, access control, and information exchange, making QR code-based covert communication and hidden message delivery relevant to cybersecurity applications. This study proposes a QR code-based information-hiding method via module content modification…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8502: Traffic-Aware Distributed Resource Unit Selection for Uplink OFDMA Random Access in IEEE 802.11ax WLANs
2+ week, 4+ day ago (500+ words) IEEE 802.11ax adopts Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), which divides a wireless channel into multiple Resource Units (RUs) with different sizes and transmission rates. Most existing studies on uplink random access assume that all stations contend for RUs of the…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8438: Adaptive Session Key Lifetime Control for Mobility-Aware Security in SDN-Controlled LiFi 6G Networks
2+ week, 6+ day ago (510+ words) Light Fidelity (LiFi) has emerged as a promising wireless communication technology for enabling indoor networks in future sixth-generation (6G) systems. It can offer very high data rates, low electromagnetic interference, elevated spatial reuse and inherent physical layer security advantages. In LiFi-based…...
Applied Sciences, Vol. 16, Pages 8274: TurkPhish v2: A Template-Composed Generation Matrix for Turkish Phishing E-Mail Corpora, with a Leakage Audit and a Detection Benchmark
3+ week, 4+ day ago (640+ words) Phishing remains the dominant initial-access vector in modern cyberattacks, yet Turkish-language resources for benchmarking phishing e-mail detectors are scarce and methodologically fragile. We first show that a publicly released Turkish phishing dataset—our own earlier one (v1; 7504 messages)—is pathological: after…...